What are Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. They can vary in size, ranging from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball.

Causes:
 Dehydration: Insufficient fluid intake can lead to concentrated urine, increasing the risk of stone formation.
 Dietary Factors: High intake of oxalate-rich foods (e.g., nuts, chocolate, and beets) and certain animal proteins can contribute.
 Genetics: A family history of kidney stones may increase susceptibility.
 Medical Conditions: Conditions such as hyperparathyroidism and urinary tract infections can increase the risk.
 Obesity: Higher body weight is associated with an increased risk of kidney stones.

Symptoms:

1. Hematuria: Blood in the urine, giving it a pink or red color.
2. Frequent Urination: Urgency and increased frequency of urination.
3. Cloudy or Foul-Smelling Urine: Due to the presence of minerals and salts.
4. Nausea and Vomiting: Associated with the pain and discomfort.

5.Pain: Severe pain in the back or side below the ribs.

Prevention:

• Stay Hydrated: Adequate fluid intake helps dilute substances in the urine and prevents stone formation.
• Dietary Changes: Moderate intake of oxalate-rich foods, limit sodium, and maintain a balanced diet.
• Calcium Intake: Adequate dietary calcium can help bind oxalate in the intestines, reducing its absorption.
• Limit Animal Proteins: Reduce consumption of red meat, poultry, and fish.
• Limit Salt Intake: High sodium intake can lead to increased calcium in the urine.
• Monitor Medications: Some medications can increase the risk of kidney stones; consult with a healthcare professional.